The last layer is the Link Layer (often termed as the Network Interface Layer) that is close to the network hardware. Other protocols included in this layer are ICMP and IGMP. The IP provides the routing functionality due to which a certain packet can get to it's destination. The primary protocol that works is the IP ( Internet Protocol) protocol, and it is the most important protocol of this layer. The third layer is the Internet Layer, which is concerned with the back and forth movement of data. For example, if you are playing a LAN-based game, the loss of a few bytes is not going to disrupt your gaming experience, and as a result, the user experience is not harmed. This form of communication actually does not hamper the communication quality the sole purpose of transferring the bits from a sender to receiver is fulfilled. It is simple though because there is no dedicated channel created, and the sender is just concerned with sending chunks of data to the destination, whether it is received or not. UDP: This is a connection-less protocol and is often termed an unreliable form of communication. For example, if you are downloading something, TCP is the one that takes care and makes sure that every bit is transferred successfully. Most commonly, the sender waits for a particular time after which it sends the same chunk again for assurance. Then, the sender sends equally partitioned chunks, over the dedicated channel, and then, the receiver sends the acknowledgement for every chunk received. Here, firstly, a dedicated channel is created between two hosts and then data is transferred. TCP: This is a connection-oriented protocol, often called a reliable protocol. The most common protocols that work in this layer are TCP and UDP, which are explained as follows: This layer also serves as a backbone to the communication between two hosts. Apart from the restricted range of port numbers, every system is free to designate a random port for their communication. An IP address is required when we talk about WAN-based communication (in LAN-based communication, the actual data transfer happens over MAC addresses), and these days, a single system can communicate with more than one device over multiple channels which is possible with the help of port numbers. IP addresses and port numbers together make this possible. There can be more than one connection between two hosts at the same instance. The sole purpose of this layer is to create sockets over which the two hosts can communicate (you might already know about the importance of network sockets) which is essential to create an individual connection between two devices. The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ( SMTP) The Simple Network Management Protocol ( SNMP) By the time you come back, you will be able to visualize and answer all of these questions on your own. If you have any confusion regarding the basics of networking protocols, I would recommend that you do a quick revision before proceeding ahead, as this book requires familiarity with the TCP/UDP protocols. The TCP/IP model takes care of every aspect of every packet's life cycle, namely, how a packet is generated, how a single packet gets attached with a required set of information (PDU), how a packet is transmitted, how it comes to life, how it is routed through to intermediary nodes to the destination, how it is integrated back with other packets to get the whole information out, and so on. The TCP/IP model was originally known as the DoD model, and the project was regulated by United States Department of Defense. Even the world of computers needs a set of rules and regulations to communicate, and this is taken care by the networking protocols, which govern the transmission of packets/segments/frames over a dedicated channel between hosts. In order to understand how all these things stick together, we need to understand the basics of the TCP/IP model. Next, it's time to discuss the most important topic in the world of networking.
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